The international academic and engineering circles have reached a broad consensus to monitor the health of civil engineering structure, master the health state of structure in real time, discover and eliminate the potential safety hazard in time and guarantee the long-term safe service of various civil engineering structures. The health monitoring technology based on optical fiber sensing has unique advantages such as small volume, light weight, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interferenc
內容簡介：
This book focuses on optical fiber sensing and structural health monitoring technolo-gies. It provides detailed information on the basic theory of F-P optical fiber sensors,fiber Bragg grating sensors, fiber laser grating sensors and fully distributed optical fiber sensors. Drawing on the authors research achievements and many years of practical experience in the field of engineering structure health monitoring, the book elabo-rates on the structural principle, design and manufacture of optical fiber sensors and monitoring technologies, and briefly describes advances made with regard to multiple
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Optical Fiber and Optical Fiber Sensor 1
1.1.1 Optical Fiber 1
1.1.2 Optical Fiber Sensor 2
1.2 Classification and Characteristics of Optical Fiber Sensor 3
1.2.1 Classification of Optical Fiber Sensor 3
1.2.2 Characteristics of Optical Fiber Sensor 10
1.3 Current Status and Development Trends of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 11
1.3.1 Current Status of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 11
1.3.2 Development Trends of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 15
1.4 Structural Health Monitoring Based on Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 21
References 25
2 Optical Fiber Interferometer Based on F-P Cavity 27
2.1 White Light Interferometric F-P Optical Fiber Sensor 27
2.1.1 Principle of White Light Interferometric F-P Optical Fiber Sensor 27
2.1.2 White Light Interferometric Sensor Head 30
2.1.3 Embedded White Light Interferometric Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor 38
2.1.4 Embedded White Light Interferometric Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 48
2.2 Optical Accelerometers Based on F-P Cavity 58
2.2.1 Preliminary Test for Encapsulation 58
2.2.2 Structure of Accelerometer 60
2.2.3 Principle of Accelerometer 61
2.2.4 Test Results and Discussions 62
2.3 Summary 64
References 64
3 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor 66
3.1 Basic Principle of Fiber Bragg Grating 66
3.1.1 Coupled Mode Theory for Fiber Bragg Grating 66
3.1.2 Principle and Sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensor 69
3.1.3 Principle and Sensitivity of FBG Strain Sensor 70
3.1.4 Theoretical Analysis of FBG Temperature-strain Cross Sensitivity 71
3.2 Temperature Self-compensated FBG Sensor Based on Thermal Stress 72
3.2.1 Principle of Temperature Self-compensation 72
3.2.2 Structural Design 74
3.2.3 Theoretical Analysis of Strain Sensing Characteristics 77
3.2.4 Parameter Analysis of Temperature Compensation Structure Design 80
3.2.5 FBG Strain Sensor with Integral Temperature Compensation Structure 85
3.2.6 Small FBG Strain Sensor 97
3.3 FBG Soil-pressure Sensor Based on Dual L-shaped Levers 102
3.3.1 Structure and Principle of the Soil-pressure Sensor 103
3.3.2 Design and Strength Check of Soil-pressure Sensor 104
3.3.3 Laboratory Calibration Tests 106
3.3.4 Field Tests 107
3.4 Fiber Bragg Grating Displacement Sensor 108
3.4.1 Sensor Design 109
3.4.2 Tests and Results 110
3.5 Fiber Bragg Grating Tilt Sensor 111
3.5.1 Structure Design of Fiber Bragg Grating Tilt Sensor 112
3.5.2 Sensing Performance of Fiber Bragg Grating Tilt Sensor 117
3.5.3 Indoor Simulation Experiment of Fiber Bragg Grating Tilt Sensor 120
3.6 Summary 123
References 124
4 Fiber Laser Sensor 126
4.1 Acoustic Emission Receiver Based on DFB 126
4.1.1 Operation Principles 127
4.1.2 Investigation of AE Directional Sensitivity of DFB Fiber Laser 129
4.1.3 Location Algorithm 134
4.1.4 Tests and Results 136
4.2 DFB Fiber Laser Accelerometers 138
4.2.1 Principles 139
4.2.2 Wavelet Denoising 144
4.2.3 Inertial Algorithm 145
4.2.4 Test Scheme 145
4.2.5 Test Results 146
4.3 Summary 148
References 148
5 Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor 151
5.1 Spontaneous Scattering Spectrum in Optical Fiber 151
5.2 Application of Spontaneous Scattering in Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 152
5.3 Winding Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 152
5.3.1 Theoretical Basis and Analysis 153
5.3.2 Structure and Parameters of Winding Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 159
5.3.3 Measurement System of Winding Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 162
5.3.4 Sensing Characteristic of Winding Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 169
5.3.5 Distributed Sensing Characteristics of Winding Optical Fiber Strain Sensor 174
5.4 Large Displacement Sensor Based on Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor 175
5.4.1 Principle of Fully Distributed Displacement Sensing Based on Fiber Bragg Grating 176
5.4.2 Displacement Loading Test 177
5.4.3 Analysis on the Displacement Sensing Characteristics 179
5.5 Summary 183
References 184
6 Monitoring Technology for Prestressing Tendons Using Fiber Bragg Grating 186
6.1 Theoretical Analysis on Prestress Loss of Concrete Structure 186
6.1.1 Calculation of Prestress Loss 186
6.1.2 Calculation of Effective Prestress 195
6.2 Design of FBG Prestress Sensor at Anchor Head 195
6.2.1 Prestress Monitoring Principle at Anchor Head of Prestressed Concrete Structure 196
6.2.2 Structure Design and Principle of FBG Prestress Sensor at Anchor Head 197
6.2.3 Design of FBG Prestress Sensor at Anchor Head 198
6.2.4 Calibration Experiment for FBG Prestress Sensor at the Anchor Head 200
6.3 Prestress Monitoring Technology Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Arrays 202
6.3.1 Structure and Performance Parameters of Steel Strands 202
6.3.2 Combination of Fiber Bragg Grating and Steel Strand and Stress Measurement Principle for Steel Strand 202
6.3.3 Quasi-distributed Stress Monitoring of Prestressing Steel Strand Based on Fiber Bragg Grating 204
6.4 Summary 208
References 208
7 Cable Stress Monitoring Technology Based on Fiber Bragg Grating 209
7.1 Current Status 209
7.2 Cable Tension Monitoring System Based on FBG 210
7.2.1 Composition and Working Principle of Cable Tension Monitoring System 210
7.2.2 Characteristics of Cable Tension Monitoring System 211
7.2.3 FBG Pressure Sensor 212
7.2.4 Hardware Design 215
7.2.5 Software Design 216
7.3 Distributed Stress Monitoring System for Cable Based on FBG 218
7.3.1 Composition and Working Principle of Distributed Stress Monitoring System for Cable 218
7.3.2 Characteristics of Cable Tension Monitoring System 219
7.3.3 System Design of Signal Acquisition Processing and Analysis 219
7.3.4 Realization of Remote Monitoring for Smart Structure in Cable 220
7.4 Test for Condition Monitoring of Cable Structure 221
7.4.1 Cable Model and Test System 221
7.4.2 Test of Cable Tension 222
7.4.3 Test of Cable Stress Distribution 223
7.4.4 Test of Cable Modal Parameter 223
7.5 Summary 225
References 226
8 Intelligent Monitoring Technology for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Based on Fiber Bragg Grating 227
8.1 Preparation and Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 227
8.1.1 Selection and Proportioning of Component Materials 227
8.1.2 Performance Test and Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bar 229
8.1.3 Experiment Study on Anchorage System for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bar 237
8.2 Interface Bonding Analysis of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Composite Materials 239
8.3 Sensing Characteristics of Smart FRP Rod 241
8.3.1 Preparation of Smart FRP Rod 242
8.3.2 Test and Analysis on Sensing Characteristics of the Smart FPR Rod 243
8.4 Summary 245
References 245
9 Concrete Crack Monitoring Using Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor 247
9.1 Main Parameters of Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 247
9.2 Brillouin Scattering Principle and Sensing Mechanism in Optical Fiber 249
9.2.1 Brillouin Scattering in Optical Fiber 249
9.2.2 Sensing Mechanism Based on Brillouin Scattering 255
9.3 FBG-based Positioning Method for BOTDA Sensing 258
9.3.1 Traditional Positioning Method for Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing 258
9.3.2 Description of FBG-based Positioning Method 259
9.3.3 Results and Discussion 261
9.4 Concrete Crack Monitoring Using Fully Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 269
9.4.1 Tests 269
9.4.2 Results and Discussion 271
9.5 Summary 279
References 279
10 Engineering Applications of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 281
10.1 Long-term Health Monitoring and Alarm System for Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge 281
10.1.1 Brief Introduction to Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge 281
10.1.2 General Overview of the Long-term Health Monitoring and Alarm System 282
10.1.3 Strain Monitoring System Based on Optical Fiber Sensing 284
10.2 Monitoring System of Liaohe Bridge on Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Passenger Dedicated Line 287
10.2.1 Brief Introduction to Liaohe Bridge 287
10.2.2 Application of Optical Fiber Sensor in Concrete Hydration Heat Testing 288
10.2.3 Application of Optical Fiber Sensor in Construction Quality Monitoring of Concrete Bridge 289
10.2.4 Application of Optical Fiber Strain Sensor in Dynamic Monitoring of Concrete Box Beam 290
10.3 Long-term Health Monitoring System for Xinyuan Highway Xiaogou Grand Bridge 293
10.3.1 Brief Introduction to Xiaogou Grand Bridge 293
10.3.2 Composition of Long-term Health Monitoring System 293
10.3.3 Strain Monitoring System Based on Fiber Bragg Grating 296
10.3.4 Effect Analysis of Strain Monitoring 298
10.4 Long-term Monitoring System of Shuohuang Railway High-steep Slope 299
10.4.1 Brief Introduction to Monitoring Section 299
10.4.2 Monitoring Scheme for Slope Deformation 300
10.4.3 Monitoring Points Layout and Monitoring Equipments Installation 301
10.4.4 System Operation and Monitoring Results 302
10.5 Summary 304
References 304
內容試閱：
The international academic and engineering circles have reached a broad consensus to monitor the health of civil engineering structure, master the health state of structure in real time, discover and eliminate the potential safety hazard in time and guarantee the long-term safe service of various civil engineering structures. The health monitoring technology based on optical fiber sensing has unique advantages such as small volume, light weight, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference capability, integrated transmission and sensing functions, easy networking and distributed measurement. Therefore, it made rapid development and considerable progress in recent 20 years. Its role in the health monitoring of engineering structure is increasingly important.
The author and his research team have dedicated themselves to the research on the development and application of health monitoring technology based on optical fiber sensing for a long time. They have rich research achievements and engineering practice experience. The book introduces the basic theory and method of optical fiber sensing technology as well as the structural design, manufacture and practical application of sensors from the point of structural health monitoring. The book is divided into 10 chapters. Chapter 1 is Introduction. It mainly introduces the basic concept, type and feature of optical fiber sensing technology as well as its application and development trend in the structural health monitoring field. Chapter 2-5 mainly focus on the demand for engineering structure health monitoring. They describe various optical fiber sensors, including F-P optical fiber sensor, optical fiber laser sensor, fiber Bragg grating sensor and fully distributed optical fiber sensor, from the aspects of sensor working principle, structure design, manufacture process and sensing characteristics. Chapter 6-9 emphasize the health monitoring technologies of different engineering structures such as prestressed tendon, cable and concrete. Chapter 10 focuses on the engineering application of optical fiber sensing technology. It mainly introduces the long-term health monitoring, security evaluation and alarm system of several projects with optical fiber sensors, including Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge, Liaohe Grand Bridge on Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Passenger Dedicated Line, Hemaxi Grand Bridge, Xiaogou Grand Bridge on Shanxi Xinyuan Highway and the high and steep slope of Shuohuang Railway.
The book summaries and integrates the research achievements and engineering applications of the author and his research team in over 20 years. Sincerely thank the research team members for their dedicated cooperation and hard work for many years, including Sun Baochen, Su Mubiao, Wang Xinmin, Zhao Weigang, Liu Yongqian, Chen Baoping, Li Jianzhi, Chen Shuli, Li Yiqiang, etc. In addition, Zhang Xushe, Jin Xiumei, Wei Bin, Zhang Wentao, Li Feng, Xu Hongbin, Li Xiaoyang, Liu Chenxi, Shao Lin, Yang Yaoen, Yang Liping, Dai Jingyun, Xu Hua, Hao Gengjie, Han Jing and Hou Yuemin devoted their wisdom and painstaking efforts to the research contents in the book when they were studying for doctoral or master'' degree. When the book was drafted and compiled, Liu Bo, Li Feng, Xu Hongbin, Sun Xu, Zheng Xinyu, Ren Zexu, Li Zhendong, Wang Qingyou, Sun Haokai, Wang Haiyong and other doctoral or master students made great efforts to the literature arrangement, translation and review. I am hereby deeply grateful to all of them.
The book was funded by China High Technology Research and Development Projects "Inspection and Reinforcement Technology of the Bridge and Subgrade for Heavy-haul Railway" 2009AA11Z102 and "Monitoring Technology of Heavy-haul Train Operation Danger State Based on Optical Fiber Sensing" 2009AA11Z212; National Natural Science Foundation of China "Critical State Evaluation and Critical Technology Research on Cable-stayed Bridge Structure Based on Smart Stay Cable" 50778116, "Monitoring Technology and Method Research on Critical Bearing Component State of Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Structure" 50278058, "New Method of Long-term Composite Monitoring for Prestressed Anchor Cable Corrosion Damage" 51778379 and "New Method of Long-term Monitoring for Geotechnical Anchor Cable with Fully Distributed Stress and Damage Positioning Function" 51508349; Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province "Research on the Real-time Monitoring and Security Evaluation System of Stayed Cable Based on Fiber Bragg Grating" E2004000417, "Critical Technology Research on Carbon Fiber Composite Reinforcement with Automatic Monitoring Function" E2006000389, "Dynamic Stress Analysis and Property of Intelligent Composite Material for Fiber Bragg Grating" E2015210094; Scientific Research Project of Hebei Province "Research and Development of Optical Fiber Strain Sensor and Its Signal Acquisition System" 03213539D; Science and Technology Research and Development Projects of Ministry of Railways "Long-term Monitoring and Security Evaluation System of Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge" 2000G19-B and "Application Research on Optical Fiber Testing Technology of Liaohe Grand Bridge on Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Passenger Dedicated Line" 2001G018-B. The author hereby expresses his sincere thanks to the Ministry of Science and Technology, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Hebei Province, Ministry of Railways and other science and technology administration departments for their full support and project grant.
It is hoped that the book is helpful for scientific researchers and engineering technicians in the field of structural health monitoring and optical fiber sensing technology as well as the teachers and students in related majors of colleges and universities. The research contents in this book involve civil engineering, mechanics, photology, machinery, material, measurement and control, featuring multidisciplinary interpenetration, large span and high difficulty. Given the limited level of the author, it is unavoidable to have omissions and improperness in the book. Please kindly offer advice and correct them.
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