This book is for the child who:
Thinks heaven is in the sky and hell is under the ground;
Has never heard of London or Paris, and
Thinks a Dane is a kind of dog…
It is to give a traveler’s view of the World—but not a commercial
traveler’s view. It is to show the child what is beyond the
horizon, from “Kalamazoo to Timbuktu.”
It is to show him not only “the Seven Wonders of the World” but
the seventy times Seven Wonders of the World.
《美国学生世界地理》是写给这样的孩子：
他认为天堂在天上，地狱在地下；
他从未听说过伦敦或巴黎；
他认为丹麦人是一种狗……
《美国学生世界地理》将呈现一个旅行者眼中的世界——但不是一个旅行推销员眼中的世界。
《美国学生世界地理》将告诉孩子在地平线以外有什么地方：从“卡拉马祖到廷巴克图”。
《美国学生世界地理》不仅给孩子讲“世界七大奇观”，还要给他们讲述七十倍于“七大奇观”的故事。
——维吉尔·Ｍ·希利尔（卡尔佛特首任校长，本书作者）
關於作者：
维吉尔·Ｍ·希利尔（Virgil Mores
Hillyer，1875-1931）1875年出生于美国马萨诸塞州韦茅斯，他在华盛顿特区的“国会山”度过其童年，毕业于美国哈佛大学。他是美国著名教育家、卡尔佛特学校首任校长、美国家庭学校（HOMESCHOOL）课程体系创建者。
作为一位教育革新者，希利尔在美国国内和国际上获得了广泛声誉和影响力。他从事教育工作的同时，亲自为孩子们编写教材，在课堂上试讲并修订，受到学校和学生们的赞誉，不少教材至今仍被学校使用。如《美国学生世界地理》、《美国学生世界历史》、《美国学生艺术史》等。他一直探索家庭学校教育理念并设计其课程体系，写作了一本家庭学校教育手册——《在家教出好孩子》，成为父母教育孩子的指南。
目錄：
01 The World Through a Spy-Glass ◆ 透过小望远镜看到的世界
02 The World Is Round, for I’ve Been Round It
世界是圆的，我围着它绕了一圈
03 The Inside of the World ◆ 世界的内部
04 The Endless Parade ◆ 没有尽头的队列
05 The 13 Club ◆ 十三俱乐部
06 A City Built in a Swamp ◆ 建于沼泽中的城市
07 Mary’s Land, Virginia’s State, and Penn’s Woods
玛丽的领地、弗吉尼亚的领土和佩恩的森林
08 The Empire State ◆ 帝国州
09 Yankee Land ◆ 扬基人的定居地
10 Five Big Puddles ◆ 五个大水坑
11 The Father of Waters ◆ 河流之父
12 The Fountain of Youth ◆ 青春泉
13 The Covered Wagon ◆ 大篷车
14 Wonderland ◆ 仙境
15 The‘ Est，’ Est West ◆“ 之最”最多的西部
16 The‘ Est，’ Est West continued ◆“ 之最”最多的西部（续）
17 Next-door Neighbors ◆ 隔壁邻居
18 The War-God’s Country ◆ 战神的国家
19 So Near and Yet so Far ◆ 近在咫尺，远在天涯
20 Pirate Seas ◆ 海盗的海洋
21 North South America ◆ 南美洲北部
22 Rubber and Coffee Land ◆ 橡胶和咖啡之国
23 Silver Land and Sliver Land ◆ 白银之国和棉条之国
24 The Bridge Across the Ocean ◆ 越洋之旅
25 The Land of the Angles ◆ 盎格鲁人的土地
26 The Land of the Angles continued ◆ 盎格鲁人的土地（续）
27 The Englishman’s Neighbors ◆ 英格兰人的邻居
28 Parlez-vous Franais? ◆ 你讲法语吗？
29 Parlez-vous Franais? continued ◆ 你讲法语吗？（续）
30 The Land Below the Sea ◆ 低于海平面的国家
31 Castles in Spain ◆ 西班牙城堡
32 Castles in Spain continued ◆ 西班牙城堡（续）
33 The Land in the Sky ◆ 天空之国
34 The Boot Top ◆ 靴子顶端
35 The Gates of Paradise and the Dome of Heaven
天堂之门和天国的穹顶
36 The Dead and Alive City ◆ 死亡而又活着的城市
37 A Pile of Ashes a Mile High ◆ 一英里高的一堆灰
38 Wars and Fairy-Tales ◆ 战争和童话故事
39 The Great Danes ◆ 伟大的丹麦人
40 Fish, Fiords, Falls, an Forests ◆ 鱼儿、峡湾、瀑布和森林
41 Fish, Fiords, Falls, and Forests continued
鱼儿、峡湾、瀑布和森林（续）
42 Where the Sun Shines All Night ◆ 极昼之地
43 The Bear ◆ 熊
44 The Bread-Basket ◆ 装面包的篮子——粮仓
45 The Iron Curtain Countries ◆ 铁幕国家
46 The Land of the Gods ◆ 众神之国
47 The Land of the New Moon ◆ 新月之国
48 The Ship of the Desert ◆ 沙漠之舟
49 A“ Once-Was” Country ◆ 昔日辉煌的小亚细亚
50 A Land Flowing with Milk and Honey ◆ 丰饶之国
51 The“ Exact Spots” ◆“ 确切地点”
52 The Garden of Eden ◆ 伊甸园
53 The Land of Bedtime Stories ◆ 产生《一千零一夜》的国家
54 The Lion and the Sun ◆ 狮子和太阳
55 Opposite-Feet ◆ 对面脚踩之地
56 Opposite-Feet continued ◆ 对面脚踩之地（续）
57 The White Elephant ◆ 白象
58 Where the Thermometer Freezes Up ◆ 温度计冻住的地方
59 A Giant Sea-Serpent ◆ 一条巨大的海蛇怪
60 Picture Post-Cards ◆ 风景明信片
61 Man-Made Mountains ◆ 人造山
62 Afraid of the Dark ◆ 害怕黑暗
63 Zoo Land ◆ 动物王国
64 The End of the Rainbow ◆ 彩虹的尽头
65 Fortune Island ◆ 财富岛
66 Cannibal Islands ◆ 食人生番的岛屿
67 Journey’s End ◆ 旅行结束
內容試閱：
01
The World Through a Spy-Glass
透过小望远镜看到的世界
You have never seen your own face.
This may surprise you and you may say it isn’t so-but it is
so.
You may see the end of your nose.
You may even see your lips if you pout out—so.
If you stick out your tongue you may see the tip of it.
But you can’t go over there, outside of yourself, and look at
your own face.
Of course you know what your face looks like, because you have
seen it in a mirror; but that’s not yourself—it’s only a picture of
yourself.
And in the same way no one of us can see our own World—all of
it—this World on which we live.
You can see a little bit of the World just around you—and if you
go up into a high building you can see still more—and if you go up
to the top of a high mountain you can see still, still more—and if
you go up in an airplane you can see still, still, still
more.
But to see the Whole World you would have to go much higher than
that, higher than any one has ever been able to go or could go. You
would have to go far, far above the clouds; way, way off in the sky
where the stars are—and no one can do that, even in an
airplane.
Now you cannot see the World in a mirror as you can see your
face. So how do we know what the World looks like ?
A fish in the sea might tell her little fish, “The World is all
water—just a
huge tub; I’ve been everywhere and I know.” Of course, she
wouldn’t know anything different.
A camel in the desert might tell her little camels, “The World is
all sand—just a huge sand pile; I’ve been everywhere and I know.” A
polar bear on an iceberg might tell her little polar bears, “The
World is all snow and ice—just a huge refrigerator; I’ve been
everywhere and I know.”
A bear in the woods might tell her little bear cubs, “The World
is all woods—just a huge forest; I’ve been everywhere and I know.”
In the same way, once upon a time, people used to tell their little
children, “The World is just a big island like a huge mud pie with
some water, some sand, some ice, and some trees on it, and with a
cover we call the sky over us all; we’ve been everywhere and we
know.”
When some inquisitive child asked, “What does the flat World like
a mud pie rest on?” they really truly said, “It rests on the backs
of four elephants.” But when the inquisitive child asked, “And what
do the elephants stand on?” they really truly said, “On a big
turtle.”
Then when the inquisitive child asked, “What does the turtle
stand on?” no one could say—for no one could even guess farther
than that—so the turtle was left standing—on nothing.
That’s the old story that parents long ago used to tell their
children as to
what the World was like. But just suppose you could go way, way
off above the clouds; way, way off in the sky, sit on a corner of
nothing at all, dangle your feet over the edge and look down at the
World far, far below. What do you suppose it would really look
like? I know—and yet I have never been there. The World from way
off in the sky and through a spy-glass would look just like a full
moon—round and white; not round like a plate, but round like a huge
snowball. Not exactly white, either, but bright—for the sun shines
on this big ball, the World, and makes it light just as the
headlight on an automobile shines on the road at night and makes
the road light. Of course, the sun can shine on only one side of
this big ball at a time; the other side of the World is dark, but
the World keeps turning round and round in the sunlight.
If you looked at the World through a telescope—you know what a
telescope is: one of those long spy-glasses that make things seem
closer and bigger—as men look at the moon, you would see on one
side of the World two big patches that look like queerly shaped
shadows and on the other side of the World twice as many big
patches, four queerly shaped shadows. These patches which look like
shadows are really land and are called by a long name:
con-ti-nents. These continents have names, and if their names were
printed across them in letters a thousand miles high—which they
are
not—so that the man with a spy-glass could read them, he would
read on one side of the World
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
and if he waited until the World turned round, until the other
side showed in the sunlight, as I’ve seen the World do in “the
movies, ” he would read on this continent EUROPE and on that
continent ASIA and on the other continent AFRICA, and the smallest
one would have the longest name, AUSTRALIA. At the very bottom
would be ANTARCTICA.
We call one side of a piece of money “the head, ” because there
is usually the head of some one on that side, and the other side we
call “the tail, ” as that is opposite from the head. It would be
easy to tell which side of the World was which if we could call one
side heads and the other tails. But there are no heads or tails on
the World—only these queer shadows— so we use two big words instead
of “heads” and “tails” to tell which side of the World is which. We
call one side the “Western Hemisphere” and the other side we call
the “Eastern Hemisphere.” Whew! Why don’t they call it something
easy?—well, let’s call it “Half-a-Ball, ” for that is what
Hemisphere means. The Western Half-Ball has two continents and the
Eastern Half-Ball has four continents.
The tip top and the very bottom of the World are called the
Poles, although there are no poles. Around the top and bottom Pole
it would be all white—snow and ice—for the Poles are so cold ther e
is snow and ice there all the time.
The part of the World that isn’t patches of shadow or snow is
water. The water all around the continents is the ocean, and though
of course there are no walls nor fences dividing it into different
parts, its different parts are called by different names.
Do you know your right hand from your left? Of course you do if
you''re over six years old. But do you know the west side from the
east side? If you are over nine years old you should. The east is
where the sun rises, the west is where it sets. And if your right
hand is east, your left hand is west, your face is north and your
back is south.
The Atlantic Ocean is on the east side of North and South
America. The Pacific Ocean is on the west. The ocean entirely in
the Eastern Hemisphere is called “Indian.” No, it is not named for
our Indians. At the top of the World is the Arctic Ocean. At the
bottom, all around Antarctica, is the Antarctic Ocean. The Arctic
and Antarctic Oceans are mostly ice, for it is so cold there the
water freezes and stays frozen. If we wanted to put names on the
oceans so that a man off in the sky could read them, we would have
to stick huge signs in the water, as we can’t paint letters on the
ocean.
There is no reason why I should show you the World turned this
way with North America on top. I might just as well show it upside
down or sideways, for there is no upside nor downside on the World.
I suppose the reason the north side is always shown on top is
because the people who made maps and geographies all lived in the
north part of the World and they wanted their part of the World on
top.
So this is our World. You may wonder, “Are there any other Worlds
besides ours?” Some have guessed that there may be—that some of
those sparks in the sky that look like stars at night may be other
Worlds like ours with people living on them. But no one knows, for
the strongest telescope is not strong enough for us to see what is
on those far off sparks, so we can only guess about them.
【中文阅读】
你从来都没看过你自己的脸。
这样说可能让你惊讶，你也许会说这不可能，但事实的确如此。
你或许能看到你的鼻尖。
你或许能看到你的嘴唇——如果撅起嘴巴的话。
如果伸出舌头，你或许还能看到你的舌尖。
但是你无法离开你自己去看自己的脸。
当然你知道自己长的什么样子，因为你在镜子里看到过自己的脸。但这不是你自己，而只是你的一个图像。
同样的道理，我们中没有人能看到我们居住的这个世界，看不到它的全部。
你可以看到世界的一点点，也就是你自己周围的那点地方；如果你爬到一栋高楼上，就可以看到更多；如果你爬到一座高山顶上，就可以看到更多更多；如果你乘一架飞机向上飞，你可以看到更多更多更多。
但是要看到整个世界，你不得不到一个比那更高的地方，一个比任何人到达过或能够到达的更高的地方。你不得不走到远在云层之上，很高很高的地方，直到星空中老远老远的地方；这没有人能做到，即使坐飞机也做不到。你无法像在镜子里看见你自己那样来看见这个世界，那么我们怎么知道世界是什么样子的呢？
大海里的鱼会对鱼宝宝们说：“世界都是水——就是好大好大一盆水；我哪儿都去过，我当然知道。”当然，除了水，她不可能知道什么别的事情。沙漠里的骆驼会对小骆驼们说：“世界都是沙——就是好大好大一堆沙；我哪儿都去过，我当然知道。”
冰山上的北极熊会对小北极熊们说：“世界都是雪和冰——就是好大好大一个冰箱；我哪儿都去过，我当然知道。”
森林里的熊会对小熊仔说：“世界都是森林——就是一个巨大的森林；我哪儿都去过，我知道就是这样。”
同样，人们从前常常对孩子们说：“世界是一个大大的岛，就像是一个用泥做的大馅饼，上面有水呀、沙呀、冰呀和树呀等等，在我们的上方有一个我们称之为天空的盖子；我们哪儿都去过，我们当然知道。”
当某个好奇的孩子问道：“这个平平的像泥馅饼的世界是放在什么上面的呢？”他们非常真诚地说：“它放在四只大象的背上。”
当这个好奇的孩子又问道：“大象站在什么上呢？”他们非常真诚地说：“一个大海龟身上。”
当这个好奇的孩子又继续问道：“大海龟站在什么上呢？”没人能回答，因为没人能想那么远，因此就让大海龟这么站着——悬空站着。
那就是父母们很久以前常告诉孩子们的关于世界是什么样子的老一套说法。但是想象一下你可以到云层之上很高很高的地方，在天空中老远老远的地方，坐在一个什么都没有的角落，把脚放在边上垂下来，向下看着这个远在下方的世界，你认为它实际上会是什么样子的呢？我知道是什么样子，不过我从没去过那里。在天空深处透过小望远镜看到的世界就像一轮满月——又圆又白；它并不是像盘子那样的圆，而是像个大雪球那样的圆。也并不是真正的白，而是明亮，因为太阳光照在世界这个大球上，使它发光，就像汽车的前灯在夜晚照在路上使路变亮。当然太阳一次只能照在世界的一面上；世界的另一面就是黑暗的，但它不停地在阳光中转啊转啊。
如果你用望远镜看世界的话（你知道望远镜是什么吧？就是一种长的小望远镜，可以使东西看起来更近更大），就像人们观察月亮那样，你会发现在世界的一面有两块大斑块，看起来就像形状奇怪的阴影，而在世界的另一面会有这面两倍大的斑块，四个形状奇怪的阴影。这些看起来像阴影的斑块实际上是土地，它们有个很深奥的名字：大陆。这些大陆都有自己的名字，如果他们的名字在距大陆上方1000
英里的高度印出来的话（当然是不可能的了），这样拿着小望远镜的人就可以看得清，他会看到在世界的一面写着：
北美洲
南美洲
如果他在那等着直到世界的另一面转到太阳光下时，就像我在电影院里看到的那样，他会看到在这一个大陆上写着欧洲，那一个写着亚洲，还有一个写着非洲，最小的那个写着澳洲，最下面的是南极洲。
我们把硬币的一面叫做“正面”，因为那一面通常会有某个人的头像在上面；另一面叫做“反面”，因为它和正面正相反。如果能把世界的一面叫做正面而另一面叫做反面的话，会更容易区分世界的每一面。但是世界上没有正反面——只有这些奇怪的阴影——因此我们不用“正面”、“反面”而用两个大词来区分世界的这两面。我们把一面叫做“西半球”，另一面叫做“东半球”。咳，为什么不用简单点的词呢？嗯，好吧，我们可以把它叫做“半个球”，“半球”就是这个意思。西边半个球有两个大洲，而东边半个球有四个大洲。
世界的最顶端和最下端叫做极地，尽管那儿并没有杆子1。在上下两极到处都是白色的——冰和雪——因为极地地区非常的寒冷，终年都有冰雪。世界上没有阴影斑块和雪斑块的部分是水。环绕着大陆的水叫做海洋，尽管并没有围墙或者篱笆把它们分成不同的部分，海洋的不同部分还是有它们自己不同的名字。
你能分清自己的左右手吗？当然能，如果你超过6 岁的话。但你能分清东西方向吗？如果你超过9
岁了，就该分得清了。东方是太阳升起的地方，而西方是太阳落山的地方。如果你的右手是东方，你的左手是西方，那么你的脸就是北方，你的后背就是南方。
大西洋位于南北美洲的东边，太平洋在西边。全部在东半球的海洋叫做印度洋，起这个名字不是指美国的印第安人。在世界的最顶部是北冰洋。在最底部，环绕着南极洲的是南冰洋2。北冰洋和南冰洋大部分都是冰，因为那里太冷了，水都结冰了，一直处于冷冻状态。如果我们要在这里的海洋上写上字让天空中的人能看得到，我们得在水上贴上巨大的标志，因为没人能在海洋上画上字。
并没有什么特别的原因让我把这个世界以北美洲在上的方式展示给你们看。我当然也可以把它上下颠倒过来或者斜向一边放，因为世界上根本就没有上部和下部之分。我想北半边总是被放在上面是因为绘制地图研究地理的人都住在北半边，他们想让他们那边在上边。
这就是我们的世界。你也许会想：“除了我们的世界之外，还有其他世界吗？”有人猜也许会有——夜晚的天空中闪闪发光的像星星一样的亮点也许就是其他的世界，像我们的一样，上面住着人。但是没人知道，因为就是最高级的望远镜也不足以让我们看清离我们那么远的小亮点上有些什么，所以我们只能猜猜而已。
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