Section 1?History of full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 1?History of Spinal Full-endoscopy and Relevant Equipment Development 002
Chapter 2?History of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgical Techniques 011
Section 2?Full-endoscopic instruments and tools
Chapter 3?Current Main Available Spinal Full-endoscopic System in Market 028
Chapter 4?Tools Applied in Full-endoscopic Spinal Procedures 042
Section 3?Applied spine anatomy for full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 5?Applied Anatomy of Cervical Spine for Full-endoscopic Surgery 054
Chapter 6?Applied Anatomy of Thoracic Spine for Full-Endoscopic Surgery 062
Chapter 7?Applied Anatomy of Lumbar Spine for Full-endoscopic Surgery 066
Section 4?Fundamentals of full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 8? Anesthesia for Full-endoscopic Spinal Surgery 086
Chapter 9?Operating Room Setup 093
Chapter 10?
Optimizing Case Selections in Starting Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery:
?“The Decision is More Important than the Incision” 094
Section 5?Full-endoscopic cervical spine surgery
Chapter 11?Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Neck Pain 112
Chapter 12?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy 116
Chapter 13?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Cervical Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 124
Chapter 14?Full-endoscopic Cervical Medial Branch Neurotomy 127
Chapter 15?Full-endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy with/without Discectomy through Posterior Approach 135
Chapter 16?Full-endoscopic Cervical Discectomy through Anterior Approach 142
Chapter 17?
Full-endoscopic Cervical Ventral Decompression through
?Anterior Approach for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 151
Chapter 18?
Full-endoscopic Cervical Ventral Decompression through Posterior Approach for
?Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 160
Chapter 19?
Full-endoscopic Uniportal Odontoidectomy and Decompression of the Anterior
?Cervicomedullary Junction Using the Retropharyngeal Approach 165
Chapter 20?Full-endoscopic Bilateral Cervical Arcocristectomy through Unilateral Interlaminar Approach 171
Section 6?Full-endoscopic thoracic spine surgery
Chapter 21?Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Induced Upper or Mid Back Pain 182
Chapter 22?Strategy of Full-endoscopic Surgery for Thoracic Disc Herniation 188
Chapter 23?
Strategy for Full-endoscopic Decompression for the Treatment of Thoracic Ossification of
?Ligamentum Flavum 198
Chapter 24
Full-endoscopic Thoracic Dorsal Ramus Neurotomy for Chronic Thoracic Zygapophyseal
?Joint Pain 207
Chapter 25 Full-endoscopic Transforaminal Thoracic Discectomy 212
Chapter 26 Full-endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy through Transthoracic Retropleural Approach 219
Chapter 27
Full-endoscopic Resection of Upper Thoracic Local Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
?Through Anterior Transcorporeal Approach 226
Chapter 28
Full-endoscopic Resection of Bilateral Thoracic Ossified Ligamentum Flavum Through
?Unilateral Interlaminar Approach 232
Section 7 Full-endoscopic lumbar spine surgery
Chapter 29 Accurate Diagnosis of Chronic Low Back Pain 242
Chapter 30 Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Lumbar Disc Herniation 249
Chapter 31 Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Lumbar Spine Stenosis 270
Chapter 32 Strategy of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery for Discogenic Low Back Pain 279
Chapter 33 Selective Endoscopic Discectomy (SEDTM) Through Posterolateral Approach 297
Chapter 34 Full-endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Discectomy Through the Far Lateral Approach 303
Chapter 35
Percutaneous TESSYS Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy
?through Transforaminal Approach 308
Chapter 36
Percutaneous LiESS Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through
?Transforaminal Approach 321
Chapter 37
Percutaneous ZESSYSTM Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through
?Transforaminal Approach 345
Chapter 38 Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Transpedicular Approach 350
Chapter 39 Percutaneous Isthmus Foraminoplasty and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy 360
Chapter 40
Percutaneous Penetration and Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Interlaminar
?Approach 369
Chapter 41?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy through Interlaminar Approach 376
Chapter 42?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Decompression Through Transforaminal Approach 381
Chapter 43?Full-endoscopic Unilateral Laminotomy for Bilateral Decompression 387
Chapter 44?The State of the Art and Progress of Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion 393
Chapter 45?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion Through Transforaminal Approach 400
Chapter 46?Full-endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion Through Interlaminar Approach 420
Chapter 47?Full-endoscopic Neurotomy of Dorsal Ramus of Lumbosacral Spinal Nerve 439
Chapter 48?Full-endoscopic Resection of Facet Cysts 449
Chapter 49?Full-endoscopic Resection of Osteoid Osteoma in Lumbar Spine 453
Chapter 50?Full-endoscopic Resection of Lumbar Epidural Schwannomas in Intervertebral Foramen 457
Section 8?Complications of full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 51?Complications of Full-endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery 464
Chapter 52?Complications of Full-endoscopic Thoracic Spine Surgery 470
Chapter 53?Complications of Full-endoscopic Lumbar Spine Surgery 477
Section 9?New technologies helping the development of full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 54?3D Printing Technology 486
Chapter 55?O-Arm-Based Navigation in Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery 491
Chapter 56?Robot and Intelligent Operating Room 496
Chapter 57?Stem Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering 504
Chapter 58?Annular Repair Techniques 514
Section 10?Training of full-endoscopic spine surgery
Chapter 59?Training venues and standards 534
Chapter 60?Training Implementation and Assessment of Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery 538
內容試閱：
前言一
The spine surgeon’s pursuit of better surgical efficacy and less surgical iatrogenic injuries trigger and promote the germination and development of minimally invasive spine surgery. The in-depth study of spinal anatomy and the further understanding of the pathogenesis of spinal diseases promote more accurate and minimally invasive spinal surgery. The combination and benign interaction between the spine surgeon and the medical device manufacturer promotes the continuous development and improvement of minimally invasive spine surgery equipment and minimally invasive spinal surgical techniques.
During the development of endoscopic spinal surgery， many scholars have made outstanding contributions to the creation and improvement of endoscopic spinal surgical techniques. Hijikata S and Kambin P’s discovery and description of the “safe triangle” laid the anatomical basis for the technique of endoscopic surgery through transforaminal approach. The continuous improvement of endoscopic equipment provides a material premise for the application of endoscopic spine surgery， especially the Yeung endoscopic spine system (YESS) invented by Yeung in cooperation with Wolf Company in Germany has become almost all the blueprint for the design and manufacture of rod-shaped coaxial spinal endoscopes. This endoscope integrates all the key elements of spinal surgery， including lighting， videography， saline irrigation and drainage channels， and surgical instrument working channels. The surgical indications range from early simple lumbar disc herniation to almost all types of spinal degenerative diseases; the surgical site extends from the lumbar spine to the cervical and thoracic spine; the surgical approach extends from the early transforaminal approach to the interlaminar approach， trans iliac approach， transcorporeal approach， etc. Therefore， this book adopts the concept of “full-endoscopy”， which is also the realistic reflection of the development of spinal endoscopy technology to the present level and the objective need for the description of spinal endoscopy technology， which can more fully reflect the current status and application level of spinal endoscopy technology in spinal surgery.
This book reviews the development history of spine full-endoscopic equipment and surgical techniques， introduces the characteristics and use methods of main spine full-endoscopic systems and various surgical tools， systematically introduces the surgical techniques of cervical， thoracic and lumbar spine under full-endoscopy， and summaries complications and preventive measures of full-endoscopic spinal surgery. We hope to provide readers with panoramic knowledge and information of full-endoscopic spine surgery to help those who are interested in full-endoscopic spine surgery to practise smoothly; also hope that traditional spine surgeons understand full-endoscopic spine surgery， support and carry out the work of full-endoscopic spine surgery.
This book also prospects the application of new technology in full-endoscopic spinal surgery， and systematically organize the training of full-endoscopic spinal surgery. We hope that full-endoscopic spine surgery will steadily set sail for a better future.
We sincerely thank all international and domestic colleagues who participated in compiling of this book! Thank you for your selfless contribution of wisdom， knowledge， experience， energy， time， efforts， etc. to this book! Full-endoscopic spinal surgery is not yet a mature discipline， and it is still being developed and improved. Some surgical techniques will prove to be safe， effective and popularized， and some surgical techniques will disappear in the long river of history. Our understanding of full-endoscopic spine surgery also has various limitations， so it is inevitable that there are inadequacies and debatable points in this book. I do hope readers read critically and criticize and correct!
Zhen-Zhou Li， MD?
2020.8
前言二
The therapy of degenerative diseases of the spine carries with it medical and socioeconomic problems. After conservative measures are exhausted and where there are exacerbated pain conditions or neurological deficits， a surgical procedure may become necessary. Despite good therapy results， consecutive damage may ensue due to traumatization. It is therefore of particular importance to optimize these procedures on a continuous basis. The goal we should strive for is the minimization of surgically induced traumatization and negative long-term consequences， taking into account the existing quality standard.
Minimally invasive techniques can reduce tissue damage and its consequences. Endoscopic surgeries demonstrate advantages which have raised these procedures to the standard in various medical areas. The nomenclature “Full-endoscopic Spine Surgery” has been defined in 2005 as a differentiation to endoscopic assisted methods. It defines the surgical work under continuous visual control and irrigation as an uniportal technique. Technical challenges have been solved by special rod-lens endoscopes with a large intraendoscopic working channel and appropriate instruments and tools. As a result of the development of the interlaminar and lateral transforaminal access， the spinal canal with its adjoining structures can be reached full-endoscopically on the lumbar spine and thoracic spine. In the area of the cervical spine anterior or posterior access is possible.
Today， the combination of the new surgical access routes with the technical developments makes possible a full-endoscopic methodology coupled with excellent visibility which， taking into account the indication criteria， carries with it the advantages of a truly minimally invasive procedure and is sufficient， low in complications and economic. In long term practice the complication rates can even be reduced in comparison to standard microscopic approaches. Principal indications are decompression surgeries such as disc herniations， spinal canal stenosis and intradiscal procedures with the possibility to introduce implants.
Full-endoscopic surgeries are an addition and an alternative within the overall concept of spinal surgery. Nevertheless， because of clear indications and boundaries， open and maximally invasive procedures are necessary. These must be mastered by the spinal surgeon in order， while taking into account the respective pathology， to be able to offer the appropriate procedure as well as cope with problems and complications of full-endoscopic surgeries.
After years of development there is an increasing acceptance for full-endoscopic spinal surgery which will lead the path to become the golden standard for decompression surgeries in the future.
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med.
Ruetten S.
2020.8
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