CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Foreword
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
ABRAHAM
MASLOW
51
By Robert Frager
Introduction 51
Maslows Influence 52
A Short Biography 56
References 65
ONE
MOTIVATION
THEORY
1
Chapter 1 Preface to Motivation Theory 2
Holistic Approach 2
A Paradigm for Motivational States 3
Means and Ends 5
10
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
Unconscious Motivation 6
Commonality of Human Desires 6
Multiple Motivations 7
Motivating States 8
Satisfactions Generate New
Motivations 9
Impossibility of Listing Drives 10
Classifying Motivation According to
Fundamental Goals 12
Inadequacy of Animal Data 12
Environment 14
Integrated Action 16
Unmotivated Behaviors 17
Possibility of Attainment 18
Reality and the Unconscious 18
Motivation of Highest Human Capacities 21
Chapter 2 A Theory of Human Motivation 22
The Basic Need Hierarchy 22
The Basic Cognitive Needs 36
Characteristics of the Basic Needs 41
Chapter 3 Gratification of Basic Needs 52
Consequences of Satisfying a Basic Need 53
Learning and Gratification 56
Gratification and Character Formation 58
Gratification and Health 62
Gratification and Pathology 65
Implications of Gratification Theory 66
Influence of Gratification 70
11
CONTENTS
Chapter 4 Instinct Theory Reexamined 75
The Importance of Reexamination 75
Critique of Traditional Instinct Theory 77
Basic Needs In Instinct Theory 86
Chapter 5 The Hierarchy of Needs 92
Differences Between Higher and Lower Needs 93
Consequences of a Hierarchy of Needs 97
Chapter 6 Unmotivated Behavior 103
Coping Versus Expression 105
Expressive Behaviors 115
TWO
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
AND
NORMALITY 121
Chapter 7 Origins of Pathology 122
Deprivation and Threat 122
Conflict and Threat 125
Individual Definition of Threat 128
Trauma and Illness as Threat 129
Inhibition of Self-Actualization as Threat 130
The Source of Pathology 131
Summary 132
Chapter 8 Is Destructiveness Instinctive? 133
Animals 134
Children 138
Anthropology 142
12
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
Clinical Experience 143
Endocrinology and Genetics 144
Theoretical Considerations 145
Destructiveness： Instinctive or Learned? 148
Chapter 9 Psychotherapy as Good Human
Relationships 150
Psychotherapy and Need Grtification 153
Good Human Relationships 159
The Good Society 171
Professional Psychotherapy 176
Chapter 10 Approaches to Normality and Health 182
Standard Concepts 184
New Concepts 187
What We May Become 189
Inherent Human Nature 193
Differentiating the Inherent from the Accidental 195
Conditions for Health 197
Environment and Personality 199
Psychological Utopia 200
The Nature of Normality 201
THREE
SELF-ACTUALIZATION 203
Chapter 11 Self-actualizing People：A Study of
Psychological Health 204
The Study 205
The Observations 209
Chapter 12 Love in Self-actualizing People 247
Openness 248
To Love and Be Loved 248
Sexuality 249
Ego-Transcendence 252
Fun and Gaiety 253
Respect for Others 253
Love As Its Own Reward 255
Altruistic Love 257
Detachment and Individuality 258
內容試閱：
PREFACE TO THE THIRD
EDITION
Motivation and Personality is an original record of the work in
progress of one of the most creative psychologists of this century. It
has become a primary reference for anyone interested in Abraham H.
Maslows theories, as clearly evidenced by growing attention from
authors in many major professional journals in psychology, education,
business, and social studies, among other fields. Although the first
edition of this book was published in 1954 and the second in 1970, its
influence has continued to grow over the years. From 1971 to 1976,
Motivation and Personality was cited as a reference 489 times, an
average of over 97 references a year. From 1976 t0 1980, more than
20 years after publication of the first edition, citations rose to 791, an
average of over 198 citations a year.
This third edition of Motivation and Personality has been revised
to highlight Maslows creative thinking and emphasize his far-reaching
concepts. Within the text itself, we have reordered the chapters,
added new headings and subheadings in one chapter, and deleted a
few sections of dated material. Chapter 13 is a new addition to this
book. It is the text of a lecture Maslow gave in 1958 at Michigan State
University. In the hope of enhancing the readers sense of the historical
18
Motivation and Personality
THIRD EDITION
and intellectual context of the book, several other features have been
added to this edition： a brief biography of Maslow, an afterword on
the extensive effect of Maslows vision in contemporary lives, chapter
introductions, a citation study, and a complete bibliography of his
work.
This edition has four major sections： l. Motivation Theory,
Psychopathology and Normality, 3. Self-Actualization, and Methodologies for a Human Science. Chapter l, Preface to Motivation Theory, provides a humanistic
critique of traditional behaviorist theories of motivation. Maslow
systematically lists the limitations of traditional motivation theory.
He emphasizes the need to consider the whole person, the effects of
culture, environment, multiple motivation, nonmotivated behavior,
healthy motivation. In short, Maslow lays out the major foundations
for a truly human theory of motivation.
Chapter 2, A Theory of Human Motivation, is a classic
presentation of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow provides
a brilliant and elegant integration of behaviorist, Freudian, and
humanistic psychology. The need hierarchy has become a widely
used paradigm in business, advertising, and other applications of
psychology.
Maslow argues that all human needs can be arrranged in a
hierarchy, beginning with physical needsfor air, food, and water.
Next come four levels of psychological needsfor safety, love,
esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow argues that our higher needs
are as real and as integral a part of human nature as our need for food.
He avoids the oversimplifications of both behaviorist and Freudian
positions.
In Chapter 3, Gratification of Basic Needs, Maslow explores
some of the implications of his need hierarchy. He discusses need
19
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
gratification, its consequences, and its relation to leaning, character
formation, psychological health, pathology, and a variety of other
phenomena.
Maslow reexamines the classic psychological theory of instinct
in Chapter 4, Instinct Theory Reexamined. This theory applies the
biological concept of instinct to human behavior. Instinctivists look
for the roots of all behavior in inherited instincts, as opposed to the
behaviorists who have tended to explain all behavior in terms of
leaning.
In this chapter, Maslow summarizes the major problems
of the instinctivist approach. He argues that any careful look at
human behavior will show a mixture of the effects of heredity and
environment. Maslow writes that human needs do have an instinctive
component, but generally one that is weak. Normal, healthy human
beings are not dominated by their instinctive needs, nor are they deeply
frustrated if some of their instinctive needs are unfulfilled.
Freud held that the demands of our egos and our culture are
inevitably at odds with our deepest, essentially selfish instincts.
Maslow disagrees. He argues that we are essentially good and
cooperative, that we can be fulfilled by our culture rather than
frustrated by it.
In Chapter 5, The Hierarchy of Needs, Maslow discusses
the differences between needs that are higher and those that are
lower in the need hierarchy. He argues that higher needs are later
evolutionary developments and also that they develop later in each
individual. Higher needs are less demanding and can be postponed
longer. Satisfaction of higher needs produces more happiness and
leads to greater individual growth. It also requires a better external
environment.
Next, Maslow explores some of the implications of his hierarchy.
Maslows need hierarchy is one way of doing justice to the richness
and complexity of higher human functioning and at the same time
placing human behavior on a single continuum with the motivation
and behavior of all organisms. Maslow also outlines the models
implications for philosophy, values, psychotherapy, culture, and
theology.
In Chapter 6, Unmotivated Behavior, Maslow expands
traditional psychological concerns to include expressive and artistic
behavior. Behavioral psychologists of his day tended to ignore
everything but learned, motivated behavior. Maslow points out that not
all behavior is motivated or purposive. Expressive behaviors, including
singing, dancing, and play, are relatively spontaneous, unpurposeful,
and enjoyable in their own right. They are also worthy of the attention
of psychology.
Maslow discusses two kinds of need frustration in Chapter 7,
Origins of Pathology. Threatening frustration produces pathology.
Nonthreatening frustration does not. Maslow argues that not all
frustration is threatening, and, in fact, deprivation may have positive
as well as negative effects. Maslow also discusses threatening and
nonthreatening conflict, arguing here too that some kinds of conflict
can have positive consequences.
In Chapter 8, Is Destructiveness Instinctive?, Maslow argues
that destructiveness is not innate. He reviews evidence from studies
of animals, children, and cross-cultural behavior indicating that in
a healthy, supportive environment there is virtually no destructive
behavior. He argues that for destructiveness, as for any behavior,
we must consider three factors： the individuals character structure,
cultural pressures, and the immediate situation.
Maslow begins Chapter 9, Psychotherapy as Good Human
Relationships, by relating psychotherapy to traditional concepts of
experimental psychology, such as threat, act completion, and need-
gratification.
By acknowledging the central theoretical role of need-gratification,
Maslow argues that we can understand how different therapeutic
systems are all effective and how relatively untrained psychotherapists
can also be effective. He points out that our basic needs can be
satisfied only interpersonally. These include satisfaction of the needs
in Maslows need hierarchyneeds for safety, belongingness, love,
and self-esteem.
Maslow argues that good human relations are essentially
therapeutic and, conversely, that good therapy is built on a good
human relationship between therapist and patient. For Maslow, a
good society is one in which good human relations are fostered and
encouraged. A good society is also a psychologically healthy society.
Maslow stresses that there will always be a role for professional
psychotherapists, especially for those people who no longer even
seek basic need gratification and could not accept such gratification if
offered. For such individuals, professional therapy is needed to make
consciously available their unconscious thoughts, desires, frustrations,
and inhibitions.
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