前言
Preface
Chapter One A Brief Introduction of English Rhetoric
1.1 What is rhetoric?
1.2 A brief history of rhetoric
1.3 Rhetoric and English writing
1.4 The three artistic proofs in rhetoric
1.5 Rhetoric, grammar and logic in writing
1.6 Why do we need to learn English rhetoric?
Chapter Two Lexical Devices
2.1 Lexical choices
2.2 Lexical repetition
Chapter Three Syntactical Devices
3.1 Long and short sentences
3.2 Periodic and loose sentences
3.3 Mid-branching sentences
3.4 Parallelism
3.5 Tricolon
3.6 Antithesis
3.7 Repetition
3.8 Inversion
3.9 Chiasmus
3.10 Ellipsis
3.11 Fragmentary elliptical sentences
3.12 Polysyndeton
3.13 Asyndeton and syndeton
3.14 Aposiopesis
3.15 Epanorthosis
3.16 Epiplexis
3.17 Rhetorical question
Chapter Four Phonetic Devices
4.1 Alliteration
4.2 Rhyming
4.3 Assonance
4.4 Consonance
4.5 Homeoteleuton
4.6 Onomatopoeia
Chapter Five Figures of Speech
5.1 Lecture 1 Simile and Metaphor
5.2 Lecture 2 Metonymy, Synecdoche and Euphemism.
5.3 Lecture 3 Analogy and Personification
5.4 Lecture 4 Paradox and Oxymoron
5.5 Lecture 5 Hyperbole and Understatement
5.6 Lecture 6 Parody
5.7 Lecture 7 Irony and Sarcasm
5.8 Lecture 8 Transferred Epithet and Synaesthesia
References
Appendixes
內容試閱：
Chapter One A Brief Introduction of English Rhetoric
A Brief Introduction of English Rhetoric
1.1 What is rhetoric？
Rhetoric has various definitions. According to The World Book Dictionary， rhetoric is the art of using words in speaking or writing so as to persuade or influence others. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary has it defined as the art of effectively using language in speech or writing， including the use of figures of speech. D. C. Bryant，in his Rhetoric: Its Function and Scope， regards rhetoric as the theory of informative and persuasive discourse. C. Brooks and E. P. Warren’s definition in their Modern Rhetoric is that rhetoric is a kind of art which deals with how to manipulate language effectively. Ac-cording to Martin Steinmann in his New Rhetoric， what rhetoric concerns is how to make an effective choice between two synonymous expressions. In I. A. Richards’ The Philosophy of Rhetoric， rhetoric should study the understanding in human communication and find a solution to it. True， different scholars might have their own definitions and understandings of rhetoric. However， one common point， which can never be omit-ted， is that rhetoric relates to the effective use of language in human verbal communication in the shape of either speaking or writing.
1.2 A brief history of rhetoric
The English word “rhetoric” originated from the Greek Rhetorike， which came into use in the 5th century in Socrates’ time， and first appeared in Plato’s dialogue Gorgias， probably written about 385 B.C. The Greek word Rhetorike means the civic art of public speaking， which developed in deliberative organizations， law courts， and other formal occasions in the ancient Greek cities. As such， it is a cultural subset of a more general concept of the power of words and their potential to affect a situation in which they are used or received Kennedy， 1994. In the 4th century B.C.， Aristotle first defined rhetoric as the “art of persuasive speaking”. In Athens， the center of western civilization， great orators， by exercising their rhetoric， gained following and support， and eventually， political power 黄任， 1999. Persuasive speech was so powerful that it could “depose or empower tyrants， determine public policy， and administer laws. Public speaking was inseparable from the business of government and civil affairs， and early on some enterprising orators turned to teaching the art of persuasive speech as well as practicing it”Bizzell and Herzberg， from 胡曙中， 2002. At that time， teaching students rhetoric was considered teaching them to become orators. Aristotle， the greatest rhetorical theorist， related rhetoric to such disciplines as poetics， politics， ethics， dialectics， logic， and psychology， and called rhetoric the counterpart of dialectics.
Over the centuries the art of oratory took several forms， for instance preaching， sermon and the like in the Middle Ages. In the late 17th century， the English philosopher John Locke described rhetoric “the science of oratory”， or “the art of speaking with property， elegance， and force” 黄任， 1999.
Rhetoric began to be associated with writing from the Middle Ages when rhetoric did produce sets of rules for the legal letters. Letter writing was one of the forms in which rhetoric found expression. Many political decisions were made privately through letters and decrees. In addition， letter writing became a method of record keeping for both religious and non-religious organizations as they increased in size and complexity. Letter writing， too， was necessary in order to bridge the distances of the medieval world， which no longer consisted of a single center of culture and power as was the case with the classical period. Thus， principles of letter writing， including the conscious adaptation of salutation， language， and format to a particular addressee， were studied as rhetoric 胡曙中，2002.
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