桑戴尔(Michael J. Sandel)是一位美国编辑、作家、政治哲学家、哈佛大学“最受欢迎的课程讲席教授”之一;美国人文艺术与科学学院院士,当代西方社群主义(共同体主义)最著名的理论代表人物。他毕业于布兰迪斯大学(Brandeis
University),并在牛津大学贝利奥尔学院(Balliol
College of Oxford)获得政治博士学位。他因在《自由主义与正义的局限》一书中对罗尔斯的正义论所进行的批判而著称。他在哈佛大学教授最受欢迎的公正课已有20年了。
2.
[公正:该如何做是好]
01 A Moral Side of Murder
谋杀的道德侧面
02 What’s a Fair Start
什么是公平的起点
03 Debating Same-sex Marriage
辩论同性婚姻
[幸福课]
04Positive Psychology
积极心理学
05 Optimism
乐观主义
06 Dealing With Stress
面对压力
07 How Can We Sustain Love
如何让爱情天长地久
[死亡]
08 The Nature of Death
死亡的本质
09 How Should We Live
我们应该如何生活
10 Rationality of Suicide
自杀的合理性
[政治哲学导论]
11 What Is Political Philosophy
何谓政治哲学
12 Apology of Socrates
《苏格拉底自辩篇》
[批判性推理入门]
13 The Nature of Arguments
论证的本质
14 What Is a Good Argument
什么才是好的论证
[哲学概论]
15 The Birth of Philosophy
哲学的诞生
16 Berkeley and Immaterialism
伯克利与唯心主义
17 Answer to Skepticism of an External World
外部世界怀疑论的不确定回答
[西方世界的爱情哲学]
18 On Same-sex Marriage
同性婚姻的探讨
19 Love
爱
[电影哲学]
20 Doing Philosophy on Film
探讨电影哲学
21 How to Analyze Film
如何分析电影
主讲教师
迈克尔?J? 桑戴尔(Michael J.
Sandel)是一位美国编辑、作家、政治哲学家、哈佛大学“最受欢迎的课程讲席教授”之一;美国人文艺术与科学学院院士,当代西方社群主义(共同体主义)最著名的理论代表人物。他毕业于布兰迪斯大学(Brandeis
University),并在牛津大学贝利奥尔学院(Balliol College of
Oxford)获得政治博士学位。他因在《自由主义与正义的局限》一书中对罗尔斯的正义论所进行的批判而著称。他在哈佛大学教授最受欢迎的公正课已有20年了。
A Moral Side of Murder
谋杀的道德侧面
This is a course about justice and we begin with a story. Suppose
you’re the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is
hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour. And at the end of the
track you notice five workers working on the track. You try to stop
but you can’t; your brakes don’t work. You feel desperate because
you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all
die. Let’s assume you know that for sure. And so you feel helpless
until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and
at the end ofthat track, there is one worker working on the track.
Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car,if you
want to,onto the side track killing the one but sparing the
five.
这是一门讨论公正的课程,我们先以一则故事开始这门课程。假如你是一名电车司机,你的电车正以每小时60英里的速度疾驰在轨道上,这时你看到有五名工人正在轨道的尽头施工,你试图让电车停下来,但由于刹车坏了,怎么也停不住。你很绝望,你明白如果电车撞向那五名工人,他们都会死。假设你对此确信无疑。就在你感到无助之时,你看见在轨道的右侧有一条侧轨,而在那条轨道的尽头,只有一名工人在施工。你的方向盘还能正常工作,如果你愿意,就完全可以把电车转到侧轨上却去撞向那个人,从而挽救五个人的性命。
Here’s our first question: what’s the right thing to do? What
would you do? Let’s take a poll. The poll shows that a handful of
people would go straight, but the vast majority would turn. Now we
need begin to investigate the reasons why you think it’s the right
thing to do. Let’s begin with those in the majority who would turn
to the side track. Why would you do it? What would be your reason?
Some believe that it can’t be right to kill five people when you
can only kill one person instead. That’s a good reason. Others were
thinking it’s the same reason on 911 with regard to the people who
flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes because they
chose to kill the people on the plane and not kill more people in
big buildings. So the principle there was the same with 911. It’s
a tragic circumstance but better to kill one so that five can
live. Is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would
turn? Let’s hear now from those in the minority,those who wouldn’t
turn. I think that’s the same type of mentality that justifies
genocide and totalitarianism . In order to save one type of race,
you wipe out the other. So what would you do in this case? To avoid
the horrors of genocide, would you crash into the five and kill
them? Presumably, yes.
第一个问题是:做什么才正确?你会做什么?让我们做个民意调查,调查显示只有屈指可数的几个人选择往前开,大多数会转弯。现在我们需要开始探究你们认为应该转弯的理由。先从那些会选择转向侧轨的大多数人开始。你们为什么会这样做?原因是什么?有人认为当只需牺牲一个人时,就不应该牺牲五个人,这个理由有道理。有些人认为“9?11”事件中也是出于同样的原因,让飞机坠毁在宾夕法尼亚旷野,那些人被敬仰为英雄,因为他们选择了牺牲飞机上的人,而不是牺牲大楼里更多的人。这样,上面的原则和“9?11”中的一样,虽然同样也是悲剧,但如能挽救五个人,牺牲一人也未尝不可。这就是大多数人会把电车转向侧轨的理由吗?现在让我们来听那些选择不转弯的少数人的观点:“我认为这种想法与捍卫种族灭绝和极权主义的做法如出一辙,为了挽救一个种族,不惜灭绝另一个种族。”你在这种情况下会怎么做?为了避免种族灭绝的恐怖行为,你会撞向那五个人吗?也许会吧。